The Chahamanas of Naddula, also known as the Chauhans of Nadol, were an Indian dynasty. They ruled the Marwararea around their capital Naddula(present-day Nadol in Rajasthan) between 10th and 12th centuries.
The Chahamanas of Naddula were an offshoot of the Chahamanas of Shakambhari. Their founder was Lakshmana (alias Rao Lakha) was the son of the 10th century Shakambari ruler Vakpatiraja I. His brother Simharajasucceeded their father as the Shakambhari ruler.The subsequent rulers fought against the neighbouring kingdoms of the Paramaras of Malwa, the Chaulukyas, the Ghaznavids, as well as the Chahamanas of Shakambhari. The last ruler Jayata-simha was probably defeated by Qutb al-Din Aibak in 1197 CE.
Contents
- History
- Early rulers
- Expansion
- Dynastic feuds
- Decline
- List of rulers
- References
- Bibliography
History
Early rulers
Lakshmana, the founder of the dynasty, was a son of the Shakambhari Chahamana king Vakpatiraja I. While his elder brother Simharaja succeeded Vakpatiraja, he carved out a principality at Naddula in the mid-10th century.According to the legendary text Lakhana Raula Prabandha, the Brahmanas of Naddula hired him to protect the town against freebooters called the Medas.
Lakshmana’s son Shobhita defeated the ruler of Arbuda (modern Mount Abu), who probably belonged to a Paramara branch. Shobhita’s son Balirajafought against the Paramara king Munja, with both the sides claiming victory.Baliraja probably died heirless, and was succeeded by Lakshmana’s younger son Vigrahapala.
Vigrahapala’s son Mahindu helped the Hastikundi Rashtrakuta prince Dhavala against one Durlabharaja, who can be identified as the Shakambhari Chahamana king Durlabharaja. Mahindu was succeeded by his elder son Ashvapala, whose son and successor Ahila seems to have repulsed an invasion by the Chaulukya king Bhima I. Ahila, who probably died heirless, was succeeded by Mahindu’s younger son Anahilla.
Expansion
Anahilla (r. c. 1024-1055 CE) was among the dynasty’s most successful rulers, and greatly expanded the kingdom. According to the Sundha Hill inscription, he defeated Bhima, captured Shakambhari, killed the Paramara king Bhoja’s general Sadha, and defeated the Turushkas (Turkic people). Historian Dasharatha Sharma theorizes that the Bhoja occupied Shakambhari after defeating the Shakambhari Chahamana king Viryarama, and Anahilla helped Viryarama’s successor Chamundaraja in evicting the Paramaras. On the other hand, R. B. Singh theorizes that Anahilla helped Bhoja against Viryarama, but their alliance broke, leading to a conflict between Anahilla and Bhoja’s general Sadha. The Turushkas were probably a Ghaznavidforce.
Anahilla was succeeded by his sons Balaprasada and Jendraraja one after another. Jendraraja appears to have defeated a Chaulukya ruler, either Bhima I or Bhima’s successor Karna. Jendraraja’s sons Prithvipala, Jojalladeva, and Asharaja succeeded him one after another. Prithvipala defeated Karna, probably in alliance with his other neighbours such as the Shakambhari Chahamana king Vigraharaja III and the Paramara king Udayaditya. He also seems to have defeated a Paramara chief of Vagada. He Jojalladeva is said to have occupied the Chaulukya capital Anahillapura, possibly during a raid.
Dynastic feuds
Asharaja was dethroned by Prithvipala’s son Ratnapala around 1119 CE. As a result, he sought shelter from the Chaulukya king Jayasimha Siddharaja. As a Chaulukya vassal, he participated in Jayasimha’s war against the Paramaraking Naravarman. Meanwhile, Ratnapala was succeeded by his son Rayapala, who was dethroned by Asharaja’s son Katukaraja around 1145 CE. Katukaraja was succeeded by Asharaja’s younger son Alhanadeva, who served as a vassal to the Chaulukya king Kumarapala. For a brief period, Kumarapala replaced Alhanadeva with his own governor at Naddula, when the Chaulukyas were fighting a war against the Shakambhari Chahamana king Arnoraja. Later, he reinstated Alhanadeva as the ruler of Naddula. In the mid-12th century, Alhanadeva curbed some disturbances in Saurashtra on behalf of Kumarapala.
Alhanadeva was succeeded by his elder son Kelhanadeva, while his younger son Kirtipala established the Chahamana principality at Jalore.
Decline
In 1178 CE, the Ghurids led by Muhammad of Ghor, invaded the Chaulukya kingdom and temporarily dislodged Kelhanadeva from Naddula. Kelhanadeva, his brother Kirtipala and other Chaulukya feudatories helped the Chaulukyas defeat the Ghurids at the Battle of Kasahrada in 1178 CE. As a result, Kelhana managed to regain control of Naddula. As a Chaulukya feudatory, Kelhanadeva also repulsed an invasion by the Yadava ruler Bhillama V.
By the time of Kelhanadeva’s son Jayatasimha, the Ghurids had grown more powerful, having defeated the Shakambhari Chahamana king Prithviraja III. In 1197 CE, the Ghurid general Qutb al-Din Aibak invaded Naddula and surrounding regions. Jayatasimha abandoned Naddula, and probably joined a Hindu confederacy to oppose the Ghurids at Mount Abu. Qutb al-Din Aibak defeated this confederacy, and the Naddula kingdom disintegrated into several principalities in the subsequent days. Samantasimha, who is attested by five inscriptions dated 1199-1201 CE, might have been a successor of Jayatasimha.
List of rulers
Following is a list of Chahmana rulers of Naddula, with approximate period of reign, as estimated by R. B. Singh:
- Lakshmana (c. 950-982 CE), alias Rao Lakha or Lakhana
- Shobhita (c. 982-986 CE)
- Baliraja (c. 986-990 CE)
- Vigrahapala (c. 990-994 CE)
- Mahindra (c. 994-1015 CE), alias Mahindu or Mahendra
- Ashvapala (c. 1015-1019 CE)
- Ahila (c. 1019-1024 CE)
- Anahilla (c. 1024-1055 CE)
- Balaprasada (c. 1055-1070 CE)
- Jendraraja (c. 1070-1080 CE)
- Prithvipala (c. 1080-1090 CE)
- Jojalladeva (c. 1090-1110 CE)
- Asharaja (c. 1110-1119 CE), alias Ashvaraja
- Ratnapala (c. 1119-1132 CE)
- Rayapala (c. 1132-1145 CE)
- Katukaraja (c. 1145-1148 CE)
- Alhanadeva (c. 1148-1163 CE)
- Kelhanadeva (c. 1163-1193 CE)
- Jayatasimha (c. 1193-1197 CE)