Serie A

Serie A (Italian pronunciation: ), also called Serie A TIM due to sponsorship by TIM, is a professional league competition for football clubs located at the top of the Italian football league system and the winner is awarded the Scudetto and the Coppa Campioni d’Italia. It has been operating as a round-robin tournament for over ninety years since the 1929–30 season. It had been organized by the Direttorio Divisioni Superiori until 1943 and the Lega Calcio until 2010, when the Lega Serie A was created for the 2010–11 season. Serie A is regarded as one of the best football leagues in the world and it is often depicted as the most tactical and defensively sound national league. Serie A was the world’s strongest national league in 2020 according to IFFHS, and is ranked third among European leagues according to UEFA’s league coefficient, behind La Liga and the Premier League and ahead of the Bundesliga and Ligue 1, which is based on the performance of Italian clubs in the Champions League and the Europa League during the previous five years. Serie A led the UEFA ranking from 1986 to 1988 and from 1990 to 1999.

In its current format, the Italian Football Championship was revised from having regional and interregional rounds, to a single-tier league from the 1929–30 season onwards. The championship titles won prior to 1929 are officially recognised by FIGC with the same weighting as titles that were subsequently awarded. Similarly, the 1945–46 season, when the round-robin was suspended and the league was played over two geographical groups due to the ravages of WWII, is not statistically considered, even if its title is fully official.

The league hosts three of the world’s most famous clubs as Juventus, Milan and Internazionale, all founding members of the G-14, a group which represented the largest and most prestigious European football clubs from 2000 to 2008, with the first two also being founding members of its successive organisation, European Club Association (ECA). More players have won the coveted Ballon d’Or award while playing at a Serie A club than any league in the world other than Spain’s La Liga, although Spain’s La Liga has the highest total number of Ballon d’Or winners. Juventus, Italy’s most successful club of the 20th century and the most successful Italian team, is tied for sixth in Europe and twelfth in the world with the most official international titles. The club is also the only one in the world to have won all possible official confederation competitions. Milan is joint third club for official international titles won in the world, with 18. Internazionale, following their achievements in the 2009–10 season, became the first Italian team to have achieved a treble. Inter are also the only team in Italian football history to have never been relegated. Juventus, Milan and Inter, along with Lazio, Fiorentina, Roma and Napoli, are known as the Seven Sisters of Italian football.

Serie A is one of the most storied football leagues in the world. Of the 100 greatest footballers in history chosen by FourFourTwo magazine in 2017, 42 players have played in Serie A, more than any other league in the world. Juventus is the team that has produced the most World Cup champions (25), with Inter (19), Roma (15) and Milan (10), being respectively third, fourth and ninth in that ranking.

History

Serie A, as it is structured today, began during the 1929–30 season. From 1898 to 1922, the competition was organised into regional groups. Because of ever growing teams attending regional championships, the Italian Football Federation (FIGC) split the CCI (Italian Football Confederation) in 1921, which founded in Milan the Lega Nord (Northern Football League), ancestor of present-day Lega Serie A. When CCI teams rejoined the FIGC created two interregional divisions renaming Categories into Divisions and splitting FIGC sections into two north–south leagues. In 1926, due to internal crises and fascist pressures, the FIGC changed internal settings, adding southern teams to the national division, ultimately leading to the 1929–30 final settlement. Torino were declared champions in the 1948–49 season following a plane crash near the end of the season in which the entire team was killed.

The Serie A Championship title is often referred to as the scudetto (“small shield”) because since the 1923–24 season, the winning team will bear a small coat of arms with the Italian tricolour on their strip in the following season. The most successful club is Juventus with 36 championships, followed by both Milan and Internazionale, with 18 championships apiece. From the 2004–05 season onwards, an actual trophy was awarded to club on the pitch after the last turn of the championship. The trophy, called the Coppa Campioni d’Italia, has officially been used since the 1960–61 season, but between 1961 and 2004 was consigned to the winning clubs at the head office of the Lega Nazionale Professionisti.

In April 2009, Serie A announced a split from Serie B. Nineteen of the twenty clubs voted in favour of the move in an argument over television rights; the relegation-threatened Lecce had voted against the decision. Maurizio Beretta, the former head of Italy’s employers’ association, became president of the new league.

In April 2016, it was announced that Serie A was selected by the International Football Association Board to test video replays, which were initially private for the 2016–17 season, allowing them to become a live pilot phase, with replay assistance implemented in the 2017–18 season. On the decision, FIGC President Carlo Tavecchio said, “We were among the first supporters of using technology on the pitch and we believe we have everything required to offer our contribution to this important experiment.”

Format

For most of Serie A’s history, there were 16 or 18 clubs competing at the top level. Since 2004–05, however, there have been 20 clubs altogether. One season (1947–48) was played with 21 teams for political reasons, following post-war tensions with Yugoslavia. Below is a complete record of how many teams played in each season throughout the league’s history;

• 18 clubs: 1929–1934
• 16 clubs: 1934–1943
• 20 clubs: 1946–1947
• 21 clubs: 1947–1948
• 20 clubs: 1948–1952
• 18 clubs: 1952–1967
• 16 clubs: 1967–1988
• 18 clubs: 1988–2004
• 20 clubs: 2004–present

During the season, which runs from August to May, each club plays each of the other teams twice; once at home and once away, totalling 38 games for each team by the end of the season. Thus, in Italian football a true round-robin format is used. In the first half of the season, called the andata, each team plays once against each league opponent, for a total of 19 games. In the second half of the season, called the ritorno, the teams play in exactly the same order that they did in the first half of the season, the only difference being that home and away situations are switched. Since the 1994–95 season, teams are awarded three points for a win, one point for a draw and no points for a loss.

The top four teams in the Serie A qualify straight to the UEFA Champions League. Team finishing fifth, with the winner of the Coppa Italia, qualify for the UEFA Europa League tournament. The sixth or the seventh ranked club, depending from the Coppa Italia winner’s performance, joins the preliminary round of the UEFA Europa Conference League. The three lowest-placed teams are relegated to Serie B.

From 2005–06 season, if two or more teams are tied in points (for any place), the deciding tie-breakers are as follows:

1. Head-to-head records (results and points)
2. Goal difference of head-to-head games
3. Goal difference overall
4. Higher number of goals scored
5. Draw

Until 2004–05 season, a playoff would be used to determine the champions, European spots or relegation, if the two teams were tied on points. Any play-off was held after the end of regular season. The last championship playoff occurred in the 1963–64 season when Bologna and Inter both finished on 54 points. Bologna won the play-off 2–0.

Clubs

Prior to 1929, many clubs competed in the top level of Italian football as the earlier rounds were competed up to 1922 on a regional basis then interregional up to 1929. Below is a list of Serie A clubs who have competed in the competition since it has been a league format (66 in total).

2020–21 season

Clubs

The following 20 clubs will compete in the Serie A during the 2020–21 season.

Team	Home city	Region	Stadium	Capacity	2019–20 season
Atalanta	Bergamo	Lombardy	Gewiss Stadium	25,000	3rd in Serie A
Benevento	Benevento	Campania	Stadio Ciro Vigorito	16,867	Serie B champions
Bologna	Bologna	Emilia-Romagna	Stadio Renato Dall’Ara	36,462	12th in Serie A
Cagliari	Cagliari	Sardinia	Sardegna Arena	16,416	14th in Serie A
Crotone	Crotone	Calabria	Stadio Ezio Scida	16,640	2nd in Serie B
Fiorentina	Florence	Tuscany	Stadio Artemio Franchi	45,000	10th in Serie A
Genoa	Genoa	Liguria	Stadio Luigi Ferraris	36,600	17th in Serie A
Hellas Verona	Verona	Veneto	Stadio Marcantonio Bentegodi	39,371	9th in Serie A
Internazionale	Milan	Lombardy	Stadio Giuseppe Meazza	75,923	2nd in Serie A
Juventus	Turin	Piedmont	Allianz Stadium	41,507	Serie A champions
Lazio	Rome	Lazio	Stadio Olimpico	70,634	4th in Serie A
Milan	Milan	Lombardy	Stadio Giuseppe Meazza	75,923	6th in Serie A
Napoli	Naples	Campania	Stadio San Paolo	54,726	7th in Serie A
Parma	Parma	Emilia-Romagna	Stadio Ennio Tardini	27,906	11th in Serie A
Roma	Rome	Lazio	Stadio Olimpico	70,634	5th in Serie A
Sampdoria	Genoa	Liguria	Stadio Luigi Ferraris	36,599	15th in Serie A
Sassuolo	Sassuolo	Emilia-Romagna	Mapei Stadium	23,717	8th in Serie A
Spezia	La Spezia	Liguria	Stadio Alberto Picco	10,336	Serie B playoffs winner
Torino	Turin	Piedmont	Stadio Olimpico Grande Torino	27,958	16th in Serie A
Udinese	Udine	Friuli-Venezia Giulia	Stadio Friuli – Dacia Arena	25,144	13th in Serie A

Maps

Seasons in Serie A

There are 67 teams that have taken part in 89 Serie A championships in a single round that was played from the 1929–30 season until the 2020–21 season. The teams in bold compete in Serie A currently. Internazionale is the only team that has played Serie A football in every season.

Logos

Serie A had logos that featured its sponsor Telecom Italia (TIM). The logo that was introduced in 2010 had a minor change in 2016 due to the change of the logo of Telecom Italia itself. In August 2018, a new logo was announced, and another one in August 2019.

Television rights

In the past, individual clubs competing in the league had the rights to sell their broadcast rights to specific channels throughout Italy, unlike in most other European countries. Currently, the two broadcasters in Italy are the satellite broadcaster Sky Italia and streaming platform DAZN for its own pay television networks; RAI is allowed to broadcast only highlights (in exclusive from 13:30 to 22:30 CET). This is a list of television rights in Italy (since 2018–19):

• Sky Italia (7 matches per week)
• DAZN (3 matches per week)
• RAI (highlights)

Since the 2010–11 season, Serie A clubs have negotiated television rights collectively rather than on an individual club basis, having previously abandoned collective negotiation at the end of the 1998–99 season.

In the 1990s, Serie A was at its most popular in the United Kingdom when it was shown on Football Italia on Channel 4, although it has actually appeared on more UK channels than any other league, rarely staying in one place for long since 2002. Serie A has appeared in the UK on BSB’s The Sports Channel (1990–91), Sky Sports (1991–92), Channel 4 (1992–2002), Eurosport (2002–04), Setanta Sports and Bravo (2004–07), Channel 5 (2007–08), ESPN (2009–13), BT Sport (2013–2018), Eleven Sports Network (2018), Premier and FreeSports (2019–present).

Champions

Main article: List of Italian football champions

Club	Winners	Runners-up	Championship seasons
Juventus	36	21	1905, 1925–26, 1930–31, 1931–32, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1949–50, 1951–52, 1957–58, 1959–60, 1960–61, 1966–67, 1971–72, 1972–73, 1974–75, 1976–77, 1977–78, 1980–81, 1981–82, 1983–84, 1985–86, 1994–95, 1996–97, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20
Internazionale	18	15	1909–10, 1919–20, 1929–30, 1937–38, 1939–40, 1952–53, 1953–54, 1962–63, 1964–65, 1965–66, 1970–71, 1979–80, 1988–89, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10
Milan	18	15	1901, 1906, 1907, 1950–51, 1954–55, 1956–57, 1958–59, 1961–62, 1967–68, 1978–79, 1987–88, 1991–92, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1998–99, 2003–04, 2010–11
Genoa	9	4	1898, 1899, 1900, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1914–15, 1922–23, 1923–24
Torino	7	8	1926–27, 1927–28, 1942–43, 1945–46, 1946–47, 1947–48, 1948–49, 1975–76
Bologna	7	4	1924–25, 1928–29, 1935–36, 1936–37, 1938–39, 1940–41, 1963–64
Pro Vercelli	7	1	1908, 1909, 1910–11, 1911–12, 1912–13, 1920–21, 1921–22 (CCI)
Roma	3	14	1941–42, 1982–83, 2000–01
Napoli	2	8	1986–87, 1989–90
Lazio	2	6	1973–74, 1999–2000
Fiorentina	2	5	1955–56, 1968–69
Cagliari	1	1	1969–70
Casale	1	—	1913–14
Novese	1	—	1921–22 (FIGC)
Hellas Verona	1	—	1984–85
Sampdoria	1	—	1990–91

Bold indicates clubs which play in the 2020–21 Serie A.

• A decoration was awarded to Spezia in 2002 by the FIGC for the 1944 wartime championship. However, the FIGC has stated that it cannot be considered as a scudetto.

By city

City	Championships	Clubs
Turin	43	Juventus (36), Torino (7)
Milan	36	Internazionale (18), Milan (18)
Genoa	10	Genoa (9), Sampdoria (1)
Bologna	7	Bologna (7)
Vercelli	7	Pro Vercelli (7)
Rome	5	Roma (3), Lazio (2)
Florence	2	Fiorentina (2)
Naples	2	Napoli (2)
Cagliari	1	Cagliari (1)
Casale Monferrato	1	Casale (1)
Novi Ligure	1	Novese (1)
Verona	1	Verona (1)

By region

Region	Championships	Clubs
Piedmont	52	Juventus (36), Torino (7), Pro Vercelli (7), Casale (1), Novese (1)
Lombardy	36	Internazionale (18), Milan (18)
Liguria	10	Genoa (9), Sampdoria (1)
Emilia-Romagna	7	Bologna (7)
Lazio	5	Roma (3), Lazio (2)
Campania	2	Napoli (2)
Tuscany	2	Fiorentina (2)
Sardinia	1	Cagliari (1)
Veneto	1	Verona (1)

Records

Boldface indicates a player still active in Serie A. Italics indicates a player active outside Serie A.

Most appearances

As of 7 April 2021

Rank	Player	Club(s)	Years active	Apps	Goals
1	Gianluigi Buffon	Parma, Juventus	1995–2006 2007–2018 2019–	655	0
2	Paolo Maldini	Milan	1984–2009	647	29
3	Francesco Totti	Roma	1992–2017	619	250
4	Javier Zanetti	Internazionale	1995–2014	615	12
5	Gianluca Pagliuca	Sampdoria, Internazionale, Bologna, Ascoli	1987–2005 2006–2007	592	0
6	Dino Zoff	Udinese, Mantova, Napoli, Juventus	1961–1983	570	0
7	Pietro Vierchowod	Como, Fiorentina, Roma, Sampdoria, Juventus, Milan, Piacenza	1980–2000	562	38
8	Roberto Mancini	Bologna, Sampdoria, Lazio	1981–2000	541	156
9	Silvio Piola	Pro Vercelli, Lazio, Juventus, Novara	1929–1943 1946–1947 1948–1954	537	274
10	Enrico Albertosi	Fiorentina, Cagliari, Milan	1958−1980	532	0

Most goals

As of 8 February 2020

Rank	Player	Club(s)	Years active	Goals	Apps	Ratio
1	Silvio Piola	Pro Vercelli, Lazio, Juventus, Novara	1929–1943 1946–1947 1948–1954	274	537	0.51
2	Francesco Totti	Roma	1992–2017	250	619	0.4
3	Gunnar Nordahl	Milan, Roma	1949–1958	225	291	0.77
4	Giuseppe Meazza	Internazionale, Milan, Juventus	1929–1943 1946–1947	216	367	0.59
	José Altafini	Milan, Napoli, Juventus	1958–1976	216	459	0.47
6	Antonio Di Natale	Empoli, Udinese	2002–2016	209	445	0.47
7	Roberto Baggio	Fiorentina, Juventus, Milan, Bologna, Internazionale, Brescia	1985–2004	205	452	0.45
8	Kurt Hamrin	Juventus, Padova, Fiorentina, Milan, Napoli	1956–1971	190	400	0.48
9	Giuseppe Signori	Foggia, Lazio, Sampdoria, Bologna	1991–2004	188	344	0.55
	Alessandro Del Piero	Juventus	1993–2006 2007–2012	188	478	0.39
	Alberto Gilardino	Piacenza, Hellas Verona, Parma, Milan, Fiorentina, Genoa, Bologna	1999–2017	188	502	0.37

Players

Non-EU players

Unlike La Liga, which imposed a quota on the number of non-EU players on each club, Serie A clubs could sign as many non-EU players as available on domestic transfer.

During the 1980s and 1990s, most Serie A clubs signed a large number of players from foreign nations (both EU and non-EU members). Notable foreign players to play in Serie A during this era included Irish international Liam Brady, England internationals Paul Gascoigne and David Platt, France’s Michel Platini and Laurent Blanc, Lothar Matthäus and Jürgen Klinsmann from Germany, Dutchmen Ruud Gullit and Dennis Bergkamp, and Argentina’s Diego Maradona.

But since the 2003–04 season, a quota has been imposed on each of the clubs limiting the number of non-EU, non-EFTA and non-Swiss players who may be signed from abroad each season, following provisional measures introduced in the 2002–03 season, which allowed Serie A and B clubs to sign only one non-EU player in the 2002 summer transfer window.

In the middle of the 2000–01 season, the old quota system was abolished, which no longer limited each team to having more than five non-EU players and using no more than three in each match. Concurrent with the abolishment of the quota, the FIGC had investigated footballers that used fake passports. Alberto and Warley, Alejandro Da Silva and Jorginho Paulista of Udinese; Fábio Júnior and Gustavo Bartelt of Roma; Dida of Milan; Álvaro Recoba of Inter; Thomas Job, Francis Zé, Jean Ondoa of Sampdoria; and Jeda and Dede of Vicenza were all banned in July 2001 for lengths ranging from six months to one year. However, most of the bans were subsequently reduced.

The number of non-EU players was reduced from 265 in 2002–03 season to 166 in 2006–07 season. It also included players who received EU status after their respective countries joined the EU (see 2004 and 2007 enlargement), which made players such as Adrian Mutu, Valeri Bojinov, Marek Jankulovski and Marius Stankevičius EU players.

The rule underwent minor changes in August 2004, June 2005, June 2006. and June 2007.

Since the 2008–09 season, three quotas have been awarded to clubs that do not have non-EU players in their squad (previously only newly promoted clubs could have three quotas); clubs that have one non-EU player have two quotas. Those clubs that have two non-EU players, are awarded one quota and one conditional quota, which is awarded after: 1) Transferred 1 non-EU player abroad, or 2) Release 1 non-EU player as free agent, or 3) A non-EU player received EU nationality. Clubs with three or more non-EU players, have two conditional quotas, but releasing two non-EU players as free agent, will only have one quota instead of two. Serie B and Lega Pro clubs cannot sign non-EU player from abroad, except those followed the club promoted from Serie D.

Large clubs with many foreigners usually borrow quotas from other clubs that have few foreigners or no foreigners in order to sign more non-EU players. For example, Adrian Mutu joined Juventus via Livorno in 2005, as at the time Romania was not a member of the EU. Other examples include Júlio César, Victor Obinna and Maxwell, who joined Internazionale from Chievo (first two) and Empoli respectively.

On 2 July 2010, the above conditional quota reduced back to one, though if a team did not have any non-EU players, that team could still sign up to three non-EU players. In 2011 the signing quota reverted to two.

Homegrown players

Serie A also imposed Homegrown players rule, a modification of Homegrown Player Rule (UEFA). Unlike UEFA, Serie A at first did not cap the number of players in first team squad at 25, meaning the club could employ more foreigners by increasing the size of the squad. However, a cap of 25 (under-21 players were excluded) was introduced to 2015–16 season (in 2015–16 season, squad simply require 8 homegrown players but not require 4 of them from their own youth team). In the 2016–17 season, the FIGC sanctioned Sassuolo for fielding ineligible player, Antonino Ragusa. Although the club did not exceed the capacity of 21 players that were not from their own youth team (only Domenico Berardi was eligible as youth product of their own) as well as under 21 of age (born 1995 or after, of which four players were eligible) in their 24-men call-up, It was reported that on Lega Serie A side the squad list was not updated.

In 2015–16 season, the following quota was announced.

Size of first team squad	Local + club youth product
← 25	min. 8 (max. 4 not from own youth team)

FIFA World Players of the Year

•  Lothar Matthäus: 1991 (Internazionale)
•  Marco van Basten: 1992 (Milan)
•  Roberto Baggio: 1993 (Juventus)
•  George Weah: 1995 (Milan)
•  Ronaldo: 1997 (Internazionale)
•  Zinedine Zidane: 1998, 2000 (Juventus)
•  Kaká: 2007 (Milan)