The decans are 36 groups of stars (small constellations) used in the ancient Egyptian astronomy. They rose consecutively on the horizon throughout each earth rotation. The rising of each decan marked the beginning of a new decanal “hour” (Greek hōra) of the night for the ancient Egyptians, and they were used as a sidereal star clock beginning by at least the 9th or 10th Dynasty (c. 2100 BCE).
Because a new decan also appears heliacally every ten days (that is, every ten days, a new decanic star group reappears in the eastern sky at dawn right before the Sun rises, after a period of being obscured by the Sun’s light), the ancient Greeks called them dekanoi (δεκανοί; pl. of δεκανός dekanos) or “tenths”.
Decans continued to be used throughout the Renaissance in astrology and in magic, but modern astrologers almost entirely ignore them.[citation needed]
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| Era: Middle Kingdom (2055–1650 BC) |
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| Egyptian hieroglyphs |
Ancient Egyptian origins[edit]
Astronomical ceiling of Senemut Tomb showing various decans, as well as the personified representations of stars and constellations
Decans first appeared in the 10th Dynasty (2100 BCE) on coffin lids.[2] The sequence of these star patterns began with Sothis (Sirius), and each decan contained a set of stars and corresponding divinities. As measures of time, the rising and setting of decans marked ‘hours’ and groups of 10 days which comprised an Egyptian year. The ancient Book of Nut covers the subject of the decans.
There were 36[3] decans (36 × 10 = 360 days), plus five added days to compose the 365 days of a solar based year. Decans measure sidereal time and the solar year is six hours longer; the Sothic and solar years in the Egyptian calendar realign every 1460 years. Decans represented on coffins from later dynasties (such as King Seti I) compared with earlier decan images demonstrate the Sothic-solar shift.
According to Sarah Symons
Although we know the names of the decans, and in some cases can translate the names (Hry-ib wiA means ‘in the centre of the boat’) the locations of the decanal stars and their relationships to modern star names and constellations are not known. This is due to many factors, but key problems are the uncertainty surrounding the observation methods used to develop and populate the diagonal star tables, and the criteria used to select decans (brightness, position, relationship with other stars, and so on).[4]
Later developments[edit]
These predictable heliacal re-appearances by the decans were eventually used by the Egyptians to mark the divisions of their annual solar calendar. Thus the heliacal rising of Sirius marked the annual flooding of the Nile.
Eventually this system led to a system of 12 daytime hours and 12 nighttime hours, varying in length according to the season. Later, a system of 24 “equinoctial” hours was used.[5]
After astrology was introduced to Egypt, various systems attributing astrological significance to decans arose. Decans were connected, for example, with various diseases and with the timing for the engraving of talismans for curing them;[6] with decanic “faces” (or “phases”), a system where three decans are assigned to each zodiacal sign, each covering 10° of the zodiac, and each ruled by a planetary ruler (see below); and correlated with astrological signs.[7]
Descriptions of the decans[edit]
Decans are named in various Greco-Egyptian sources, many Hermetic writings, the Testament of Solomon,[8] and the writings of Aristobulus of Paneas.[9] Julius Firmicus Maternus, Cosmas of Maiuma, Joseph Justus Scaliger, and Athanasius Kircher.[8]
Images of the decans are described in Hermetic writings, by the Indian astrologer Varāhamihira, in the Picatrix, and in Japanese writings.[10] Varāhamihira’s images of the decans was influenced by Greco-Egyptian, if not Hermetic, depictions of the decans by way of the Yavanajataka.[11] Their role in Japanese astrology may have derived from an earlier Chinese[12] or Indian form[13] possibly from adding the twelve animals of the Chinese zodiac to a list of twenty-four hour stars.[12] They were most common between the Kamakuraand Edo periods.[13]
The first original Decan position due to the precession in ancient times started at 0° of Cancer when the heliacal rising of Sirius (Egyptian Sepdet; Greco-Egyptian: Sothis) on sunset like Jewish and Islamic calendars marking the Egyptian New Year and now the 1st decan falls on 0° of Leo at July 20 in the Julian calendar, that is July 22/23 on the Gregorian calendar.[citation needed]
| Western Zodiac | Decan | Original Decan Position due to the Precession in Ancient Times | Ancient Egyptian Transliteration [Ptolemaic Variant Transliteration][14] | Greco-Egyptian[8] | Testament of Solomon[8][15][16] | Aristobulus’s names[9] | Greek Hermeticism[8][17][18] | Latin Hermeticism[8][18][19] | Firmicus[8] | Cosmas[8][20] | Scalinger[8] | Kircher[8] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aries | 1 | 28 | Χont-har | Rhyax or Ruax | Bendonc | Chenlachori | Aulathamas | Senator or Asiccan | Aidoneus | Asiccan | Arueris | |
| 2 | 29 | Sasaqed[Siket] | Si-ket | Barsafael | Mensour | Chontaret | Sabaoth | Senacher or Asenter | Persephone | Senacher | Anubis | |
| 3 | 30 | Xont-χre | Artosael or Arôtosael | Carexon | Siket | Disornafais | Sentacher or Asentacer | Eros | Acentacer | Horus | ||
| Taurus | 4 | 31 | Khau[Erō, Aro’ou] | Xau | Horopel | Gisan | Soou | Jaus | Suo or Asicat | Charis | Asicath | Serapis |
| 5 | 32 | Ārt[Khōo’ou] | Arat | Kairoxanondalon or Iudal | Tourtour | Aron | Sarnotois | Aryo or Ason | die Horen | Viroaso | Helitomenos | |
| 6 | 33 | Remen-Ḥeru-An-Saḥ[Remena’are] | Remen-hare | Sphendonael | Ballat | Rhomenos | Erchmubris | Romanae or Arfa | Litai | Aharph | Apophis | |
| Gemini | 7 | 34 | Mesdjer-Saḥ[Thosalk] | Θosalk | Sphandor | Farsan | Xocha | Manuchos | Thesogar or Tensogar | Thetys | Thesogar | Tautus |
| 8 | 35 | Remen-Kher-Saḥ[O’ouare] | Uaret | Belbel | Vaspan | Ouari | Samurois | Ver or Asuae | Kybele | Verasua | Cyclops | |
| 9 | 36 | A-Saḥ[T’pēsōthis] | Phu-hor | Kourtael or Kurtaêl | Parquia | Pepisoth | Azuel | Tepis or Atosoae | Praxidike | Tepisatosoa | Titan | |
| Cancer | 10 | 1 (= 0′ Cancer) | Sepdet[Sōthis] | Sopdet | Metathiax | Panem | Sotheir | Seneptois | Sothis or Socius | Nike | Sothis | Apollun |
| 11 | 2 | Depā-Kenmut[Sit] | Seta | Katanikotael | Catarno | Ouphisit | Somachalmais | Sith | Herakles | Syth | Hecate | |
| 12 | 3 | Kenmut[Khno’oumis] | Knum | Saphthorael or Saphathoraél | Hellors | Chnouphos | Charmine | Thiumis or Thumus | Hekate | Thuimis | Mercophta | |
| Leo | 13 | 4 | Kher-Khept-Kenmut[Kharkhno’oumis] | Χar-Knum | Phobothel or Bobêl | Jarea | Chnoumos | Zaloias | Craumonis or Afruicois | Hephaistos | Aphruimis | Typhon |
| 14 | 5 | Ḥā-Djat[Ētēt] | Ha-tet | Leroel or Kumeatêl | Effraa | Ipi | Zachor | Sic | Isis | Sithacer | Peroeus | |
| 15 | 6 | Peḥui-Djat[Pho’outēt] | Phu-Tet | Soubetti | Hayas | Phatiti | Frich | Futile or Eisie | Sarapis | Phuonisie | Nepenthe | |
| Virgo | 16 | 7 | Tjemat-Ḥert[Tōm] | Tom | Katrax or Atrax | Angaf | Athoum | Zamendres | Thumis or Thinnis | Themis | Thumi | Isis |
| 17 | 8 | Tjemat-Khert(O’oueste-Bikōti) | Uste-bikot | Jeropa or Ieropaêl | Bethapen | Brysous | Magois | Tophicus or Tropicus | Moirai | Thopitus | Pi-Osiris | |
| 18 | 9 | Ustji[Aphoso] | Aposot | Modobel or Buldumêch | Baroche | Amphatham | Michulais | Afut or Asuth | Hestia | Aphut | Cronus | |
| Libra | 19 | 10 | Bekatji[So’oukhōs] | Sob‿χos | Madero or Naôth | Zercuris | Sphoukou | Psineus | Seuichut or Senichut | Erinys | Serucuth | Zeuda |
| 20 | 11 | Depā-Khentet[T’pēkhonti] | Tpa-χont | Nathotho or Marderô | Baham | Nephthimes | Chusthisis | Sepisent or Atebenus | Kairos | Aterechinis | Omphta | |
| 21 | 12 | Xont-har | Alath | Pieret | Phou | Psamiatois | Senta or Atepiten | Loimos | Arpien | Ophionius | ||
| Scorpio | 22 | 13 | Sapt-Khennu[S’ptkhne] | Spt-χne | Audameoth | Haziza | Name | Necbeuos | Sentacer or Asente | Nymphs | Sentacer | Arimanius |
| 23 | 14 | Sesme | Nefthada | Nacy | Oustichos | Turmantis | Tepsisen or Asentatir | Leto | Tepiseuth | Merota | ||
| 24 | 15 | Si-sesme | Akton | Alleinac | Aphebis | Psermes | Sentineu or Aterceni(-cem) | Kairos (repeated) | Senicer | Panotragus | ||
| Sagittarius | 25 | 16 | Ḥer-Ab-Uia[‘Erēo’ouō] | Hre-ua | Anatreth | Ortusa | Sebos | Clinothois | Eregbuo or Ergbuo | Loimos (repeated) | Eregbuo | Tolmophta |
| 26 | 17 | Sesme | Enautha or Enenuth | Daha | Teuchmos | Thursois | Sagon | Kore | Sagen | Tomras | ||
| 27 | 18 | Kenmu[Konime] | Konime | Axesbyth or Phêth | Satan | Chthisar | Renethis | Chenene or Chenem | Ananke | Chenen | Teraph | |
| Capricorn | 28 | 19 | Semdet[Smat] | Smat | Hapax or Harpax | Eracto | Tair | Renpsois | Themeso | Asklepios | Themeso | Soda |
| 29 | 20 | Sert[Srō] | Srat | Anoster | Salac | Epitek | Manethois | Epiemu or Epimen | Hygieia | Epima | Riruphta | |
| 30 | 21 | Sasa-Sert[Sisrō] | Si-srat | Physikoreth or Alleborith | Seros | Epichnaus | Marcois | Omot | Tolma | Homoth | Monuphta | |
| Aquarius | 31 | 22 | Khukhu[T’pēkhou] | Tpa-χu | Aleureth or Hephesimireth | Tonghel | Isi | Ularis | Oro or Asoer | Dike | Oroasoer | Brondeus |
| 32 | 23 | Baba[Khou(?)] | Xu | Ichthion | Anafa | Sosomo | Luxois | Cratero or Astiro | Phobos | Astiro | Vucula | |
| 33 | 24 | Tpa-Biu | Achoneoth or Agchoniôn | Simos | Chonoumous | Crauxes | Tepis or Amasiero | Osiris | Tepisatras | Proteus | ||
| Pisces | 34 | 25 | Biu | Autoth or Autothith | Achaf | Tetimo | Fambais | Acha or Atapiac | Okeanos | Archatapias | Rephan | |
| 35 | 26 | Xont-Har | Phtheneoth or Phthenoth | Larvata | Sopphi | Flugmois | Tepibui or Tepabiu | Dolos | Thopibui | Sourut | ||
| 36 | 27 | Tpi-biu | Bianakith | Ajaras | Syro | Piatris | Uiu or Aatexbui | Elpis | Atembui | Phallophorus |
East Asian Zodiac[edit]
The East Asian zodiac features Decans in the form of Thirty-six Calendar Animals (Sanjūroku Kingyōzō 三十六禽形像; alternatively known as the Chikusan Reiki 畜産暦). The group originated in China, wherein the 36 were divided into four clusters, with each cluster made up of nine animal-deity pairs (4 × 9 = 36). The four clusters represent the four cardinal directions (north, south, east, west). The animals are also grouped in triads—three animals are combined under one of 12 Zodiac Signs (3 × 12 = 36). In Japan, the group appeared in the Nichū Reki 二中暦, a Japanese calendar from the second half of the 14th century. Curiously, eight of the 36 appear “fox like”—almost identical in physical attributes. These eight (presented below) include the tanuki, mujna, fox, wolf, jackal, wild cat, and wild male-female dogs. The mujina, fox and rabbit are combined under the zodiacal sign of the rabbit. The tanuki, leopard, and tiger are combined under the zodiacal sign of the tiger. Western scholars have mistranslated tanuki and mujina for decades as “badger” or “racoon-dog.” But in extant artwork like that shown below, the beasts are clearly “fox-like.” It is therefore puzzling why Western scholars call them badgers and racoon dogs.:[21][22]
| Zodiac | First animal | Second animal | Third animal |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rat | Cat (貓)[note 1] | Rat (鼠) | Bat (伏翼) |
| Ox | Cattle (牛) | Crab (蟹) | Turtle (鱉) |
| Tiger | Raccoon dog (狸)[note 2] | Leopard (豹) | Tiger (虎) |
| Rabbit | Fox (狐)[note 3] | Rabbit (兔) | Badger (貉)[note 4] |
| Dragon | Dragon (龍) | Shark (鮫) | Fish (魚) |
| Snake | Cicada (蟬) | Carp (鯉) | Snake (蛇) |
| Horse | Deer (鹿) | Horse (馬) | Roebuck (麞) |
| Goat | Sheep (羊) | Goose (雁) | Hawk or falcon (鷹) |
| Monkey | Gibbon (狖)[note 5][23][24] | Ape (猿)[note 6][24] | Monkey (猴)[note 7][24] |
| Rooster | Raven (烏) | Chicken (雞) | Pheasant (雉) |
| Dog | Dog (狗, see Inugami) | Wolf (狼) | Ch. Dhole, Ja. Honshu wolf (豺) |
| Pig | Pig (豕)[note 8][21] | Domestic pig (豕 俞)[note 9][21] | Wild boar (豬)[note 10][21] |
Table of faces (or decanates)[edit]
There were two main versions of rulership given to the decans in the ancient world: Chaldean rulership and rulership by Triplicity.
| Sign | First Decan ruler(0 – 9.999 deg.) | Second Decan ruler(10 – 19.999 deg.) | Third Decan ruler(20 – 29.999 deg.) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aries | Mars | Sun | Venus |
| Taurus | Mercury | Moon | Saturn |
| Gemini | Jupiter | Mars | Sun |
| Cancer | Venus | Mercury | Moon |
| Leo | Saturn | Jupiter | Mars |
| Virgo | Sun | Venus | Mercury |
| Libra | Moon | Saturn | Jupiter |
| Scorpio | Mars | Sun | Venus |
| Sagittarius | Mercury | Moon | Saturn |
| Capricorn | Jupiter | Mars | Sun |
| Aquarius | Venus | Mercury | Moon |
| Pisces | Saturn | Jupiter | Mars |
* as used as an essential dignity in astrology.
Notice that rulerships follow a repeating pattern, the so-called “Chaldean” order of the planets: Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Sun, Venus, Mercury, Moon. This planetary order, in which the Sun stands at the center of the continuum, with the planets between the Sun and the Earth on one side and the outer planets on the other side, reflected the perception of the speed of each planet’s motion as seen from the Earth.
| Sign | First Decan ruler(0 – 9.999 deg.) | Second Decan ruler(10 – 19.999 deg.) | Third Decan ruler(20 – 29.999 deg.) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aries | Mars | Sun | Jupiter |
| Taurus | Venus | Mercury | Saturn |
| Gemini | Mercury | Venus | Saturn |
| Cancer | Moon | Mars | Jupiter |
| Leo | Sun | Jupiter | Mars |
| Virgo | Mercury | Saturn | Venus |
| Libra | Venus | Saturn | Mercury |
| Scorpio | Mars | Jupiter | Moon |
| Sagittarius | Jupiter | Mars | Sun |
| Capricorn | Saturn | Venus | Mercury |
| Aquarius | Saturn | Mercury | Venus |
| Pisces | Jupiter | Moon | Mars |
Decans or “faces” are the least important of the essential dignities, representing about one-fifteenth of a planet’s overall strength in medieval astrology.
Ancient India[edit]
In India, the division of the zodiac into 36 ten degree portions is called either the drekkana (drekkāṇa),the dreshkana (dreṣkāṇa), or the drikana (dṛkāṇa).[26]
The iconography and use of the drekkana’s is mention earliest by Sphujidhvaja in Yavanajataka (269-70 CE), and given detailed treatment by Varahamihira in his Brihat-Samhita(550 CE). Modern scholars believe the decans were imported into India through the Greeks, who learned about them from the Egyptians.[27]
There are multiple types of drekkana in use in Indian astrology. The parivritti drekkana goes in order of the signs; the first decan is Aries, the second is Taurus, the third is Gemini, the fourth is Cancer, etc. Then there is the trinal calculation which utilizes the elemental trines to each sign; In Aries there is Aries, Leo, and Sagittarius, while in Taurus there is Taurus, Virgo, and Capricorn. There are in total four variations of drekkana calculations. Indian astrologers will calculate these signs (varga) and create a new chart based upon the sign placement for predictive purposes.