Qutb Shahi dynasty

The Qutb Shahi dynasty ruled the Golconda Sultanate in northern Deccan Plateau (Telangana) from 1512 AD to 1687 AD, a Persianate Shia Islamic dynasty, the Qutb Shahis were descendants of Qara Yusuf from Qara Qoyunlu of Hamadan province of Persia, originally a Turkoman Muslim tribe. After the collapse of Bahmani Sultanate, the “Qutb Shahi” dynasty was established in 1512 AD by Quli Qutb Mulk who assumed the title of “Sultan”. In 1636, Shah Jahan forced the Qutb Shahis to recognize Mughal suzerainty and pay periodic tributes. The dynasty came to an end in 1687 during the reign of its seventh Sultan Abul Hasan Qutb Shah, when the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb arrested and jailed him for the rest of his life in Daulatabad, absorbed Golconda into the Mughal empire. The kingdom extended from the parts of modern-day states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and Telangana. The Golconda sultanate was constantly in conflict with the Adil Shahis and Nizam Shahis.

The Qutb Shahis were patrons of Persianate Shia culture. Over the first 90 years of their rule (c. 1512 – 1600), their official edicts and court language was in Persian only. In early 17th-century, these were in both Persian and Telugu. Towards the end of the dynasty, these were primarily in Telugu with a summary in Persian. As they adopted Telugu, they saw their territory as the Telugu speaking region, states Indologist Richard Eaton, with their elites considering the rulers as “Telugu Sultans”. The ruling elites, court officials, the police and the army of the Sultanate were predominantly Muslims in a region whose population was predominantly Hindu. The exception were last two Sultans, when Brahmin Hindus such as Madanna and Akkanna rose to be ministers, with their portfolio being tax collection and the exchequer. In the 1680s, a Muslim general of the dynasty defected to the Mughal empire, which then attacked the Golconda Sultanate, Madanna and Akkanna were beheaded by Muslim soldiers, the Sultan thereafter imprisoned, thus ending the Qutb Shahi dynasty.

History

The dynasty’s founder, Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk was a descendants of Qara Yusuf (from Qara Qoyunlu, a Turkic Muslim tribe). He migrated to Delhi with his uncle, Allah-Quli, some of his relatives and friends in the beginning of the 16th century, from Hamadan Province—(now in Iran then it was ruled by his ancestral Turkic tribe). Later he migrated south, to the Deccan and served the Bahmani sultan, Mahmood Shah Bahmani II. He conquered Golconda, after the disintegration of the Bahmani Kingdom into the five Deccan sultanates. Soon after, he declared independence from the Bahmani Sultanate, took the title Qutub Shah, and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty of Golconda. He was later assassinated in 1543 by his son, Jamsheed, who assumed the sultanate. Jamsheed died in 1550 from cancer. Jamsheed’s young son reigned for a year, at which time the nobility brought back and installed Ibrahim Quli as sultan.

The early Qutb Shahi sultans prohibited Hindus from observing their religious festivals, states Annemarie Schimmel – a scholar of Islamic studies. During the reign of Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah (1580–1611), who was a more tolerant ruler, the Hindus were allowed to observe their religious festivals like Diwali and Holi in open. Later Sultans such as Tana Shah, appointed Brahmin Hindus such as Madanna and Akkanna as ministers in charge of tax collection and exchequer. However, this led to significant factionalism between the Muslim elites and the rising power of the Brahmin Hindus. The Muslim faction reached out to Aurangzeb, who sent a regiment led by his son to attack Golconda. They beheaded Madanna and Akkanna, along with plundering the property and killing many more Hindus in administrative positions of the Qutb Shahi dynasty. Shortly thereafter, the last Sultan of dynasty was jailed in Daulatabad by Aurangzeb, and the Qutb Shahi dynasty came to an end.

Golconda, and with the construction of the Char Minar, later Hyderabad, served as capitals of the sultanate, and both cities were embellished by the Qutb Shahi sultans. The dynasty ruled Golconda for 171 years, until the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb conquered the Deccan in 1687.

Economy

The Golconda Sultanate was notoriously wealthy. While its primary source of revenue was land tax, the sultanate greatly profited from its monopoly on diamond production from mines in the southern districts of the kingdom. The sultanate also had control over the Krishna and Godavari deltas, giving it access to craft production in the villages of the area, where goods like textiles were produced. The town of Masulipatnam served as the Golconda Sultanate’s primary seaport for the export of diamonds and textiles. The kingdom reached the peak of its financial prosperity in the 1620s and 1630s.

Cotton-Weaving

During the early seventeenth century, a strong cotton-weaving industry existed in the Deccan region. Large quantities of cotton cloth were produced for domestic and exports consumption. High quality plain and patterned cloth made of muslin and calico was produced. Plain cloth was available as white or brown colour, in bleached or dyed variety. This cloth was exported to Persia and European countries. Patterned cloth was made of prints which were made indigenously with indigo for blue, chay-root for red coloured prints and vegetable yellow. Patterned cloth exports were mainly to Java, Sumatra and other eastern countries.

Diamonds

The Golconda Sultanate was known for its diamonds which were dubbed the Golconda diamonds. These diamonds were sought after diamonds long before the Qutb Shahi dynasty came to power, and they continued to supply this demand through the European traders.

Diamonds from mines (especially the Kollur Mine presently in Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh) were transported to the city of Hyderabad to be cut, polished, evaluated and sold. Golconda established itself as a diamond trading centre and until the end of the 19th century, the Golconda market was the primary source of the finest and largest diamonds in the world.

Culture

The Qutb Shahis were patrons of Persianate Shia culture. Over the first 90 years of their rule (c. 1512 – 1600), they championed Persian culture. Their official edicts and court language was in Persian only. Quli Qutb Mulk’s court became a haven for Persian culture and literature. In early 17th-century, with Sultan Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah (1580–1612) a change began. He began to patronize the Telugu language and culture as well. Edicts began to be issued both in Persian and Telugu. Towards the end of the dynasty, these were primarily in Telugu with a summary in Persian. As they adopted Telugu, they saw their territory as the Telugu speaking region, states Indologist Richard Eaton, with their elites considering the rulers as “Telugu Sultans”.

Sultan Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah (1580–1612) wrote poems in Dakhini Urdu, Persian and Telugu. Subsequent poets and writers, however wrote in Urdu, while using vocabulary from Persian, Hindi and Telugu languages. During the reign of Abdullah Qutb Shah in 1634 CE, an ancient Sanskrit text on love and sex Ratirahasya by Kokkoka was translated into Persian and named Lazzat-un-Nisa (Flavors of the Woman).

Architecture

The Qutb Shahi architecture was Indo-Islamic, a culmination of Indian and Persian architectural styles. Their style was very similar to that of the other Deccan Sultanates. The Qutb Shahi rulers built the Char Minar.

Some examples of Qutb Shahi Indo-Islamic architecture are the Golconda Fort, tombs of the Qutb Shahis, Char Minar and the Char Kaman, Mecca Masjid, Khairtabad Mosque, Hayat Bakshi Mosque, Taramati Baradari and the Toli Mosque.

Administration

Religion

The Qutb Shahi dynasty, like many Deccan Islamic dynasties, was a Shia Islam dynasty with roots in Persia (modern Iran). Initially they were very strict and they persecuted the Hindus who constituted the vast majority of the population. Open practice of Hindu festivals was forbidden in Golconda Sultanate. It was Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah who first reversed this policy, and allowed Hindus to practice their festivals and religion in open.

In the final decades of their rule, the Qutb Shahi dynasty rulers patronized Shia, Sufi, Sunni Islamic traditions, as well as the Hindu traditions. Prior to their end, Tana Shah advised by Madanna and Akkanna – his Brahmin ministers, began the tradition of sending pearls to the Bhadrachalam Temple of Rama on Rama Navami.

Rulers[edit]

The eight sultans in the dynasty were:

Personal Name	Titular Name	Reign		Notes
		From	Until
Quli Qutb Shah قلی قطب شاہ	Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk	1512	1543	Founder of Qutb Shahi Dynasty[10] Son of Uways Quli Beg Great Grand Son of Qara Yusuf
Jamsheed جمشید	Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah	1543	1550	Second Son of Quli Qutb Shah
Subhan سبحان	Subhan Quli Qutb Shah	1550	1550	Son of Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah Became King at the age of 7 and died after a short time
Ibrahim ابراہیم	Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali	1550	1580	Younger Son of Quli Qutb Shah Fought the Battle of Talikota with the Alliance of Deccan Sultanates
Muhammad Ali محمد علی	Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah	1580	1612	Son of Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali Founder of Hyderabad City Muhammad Ali was a Scholar in Arabic, Persian, Urdu and Telugu languages
Sultan Muhammad محمد سلطان	Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah	1612	1626	Son of Muhammad Amin Shah Grand Son of Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Son in Law of Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah
Abdullah عبداللہ	Abdullah Qutb Shah	1626	1672	Son of Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah
Abul Hasan ابُل حسن	Tana Shah	1672	1686	Son in law of Abdullah Qutb Shah Defeated and jailed by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir in 1686 He died in prison.

Tombs[edit]

The tombs of the Qutb Shahi sultans lie about one kilometer north of Golkonda’s outer wall. These structures are made of beautifully carved stonework, and surrounded by landscaped gardens. They are open to the public and receive many visitors.

Family tree

Qara Yusuf Ruler of the Qara Qoyunlu 1410-1420

Qara Iskander Ruler of the Qara Qoyunlu First Reign 1420-1429 Second Reign 1431-1436

Jahan Shah Ruler of the Qara Qoyunlu 1436-1467

Alvand Mirza

Mirza Yusuf Ruler of the Qara Qoyunlu 1468-1469

Pir Quli Beg

Khadija Khatun

Uways Quli Beg

1. Quli Qutb Mulk Sultan of Golkonda 1512-1543

4. Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali Sultan of Golkonda 1550-1580

2. Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah Sultan of Golkonda 1543-1550

Mirza Muhammad Amin

5. Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah Sultan of Golkonda 1580-1611

3. Subhan Quli Qutb Shah Sultan of Golkonda 1550

6. Muhammad Qutb Shah Sultan of Golkonda 1611-1626

Hayat Bakshi Begum

7. Abdullah Qutb Shah Sultan of Golkonda 1626-1672

8. Abul Hasan Qutb Shah Sultan of Golkonda 1672-1687

Badshah Bibi